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Notre-Dame de Reims (''Our Lady of Reims'') is the seat of the Archdiocese of Reims, where the kings of France were crowned.〔The last coronation was that of Charles X, on 29 May 1825.〕 The cathedral replaced an older church, destroyed by fire in 1211, that was built on the site of the basilica where Clovis was baptized by Saint Remi, bishop of Reims, in AD 496. That original structure had itself been erected on the site of some Roman baths. A major tourism destination, the cathedral receives about one million visitors annually.〔(Reims Cathedral page on culture.fr ).〕 == History == Excavations have shown that the present building occupies roughly the same site as the original cathedral, founded c.400 under the episcopacy of St Nicaise. That church was rebuilt during the Carolingian period and further extended in the 12th century. On 19 May 1051, King Henry I of France and Anne of Kiev were married in the cathedral.〔Megan McLaughlin, ''Sex, Gender, and Episcopal Authority in an Age of Reform, 1000-1122'', (Cambridge University Press, 2010), 56.〕 Whilst conducting the Council of Reims in 1131, Pope Innocent II anointed and crowned the future Louis VII in the cathedral.〔I. S. Robinson, ''The Papacy, 1073-1198: Continuity and Innovation'', (Cambridge University Press, 1996), 22, 135.〕〔 Elizabeth A. R. Brown, ''"Franks, Burgundians, and Aquitanians" and the Royal Coronation Ceremony in France'', (The American Philosophical Society, 1992), 43.〕 On May 6, 1210 the cathedral was damaged by fire and reconstruction started shortly after,〔''Historical Aspects of the Reconstruction of Reims Cathedral, 1210-1241'', Robert Branner, Speculum, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Jan., 1961), 23.〕 beginning at the eastern end. Documentary records show the acquisition of land to the west of the site in 1218, suggesting the new cathedral was substantially larger than its predecessors, the lengthening of the nave presumably being an adaptation to afford room for the crowds that attended the coronations.〔For detailed chronology of rebuilding see P. Frankl / P. Crossley, ''Gothic Architecture'', Yale University Press, 2001 (Revised Ed.), p.322 notes 10-14.〕 In 1233 a long-running dispute between the cathedral chapter and the townsfolk (regarding issues of taxation and legal jurisdiction) boiled over into open revolt.〔"Artistic Integration Inside the Cathedrals, Social Consensus Outside?" in ''Artistic Integration in Early Gothic Churches'', ed. K. Brush, P. Draper, V. Raguin, University of Toronto Press, 1995, pp. 214-35〕 Several clerics were killed or injured during the resulting violence and the entire cathedral chapter fled the city, leaving it under an interdict (effectively banning all public worship and sacraments).〔''Historical Aspects of the Reconstruction of Reims Cathedral, 1210-1241'', Robert Branner, Speculum, 36.〕 Work on the new cathedral was suspended for three years, only resuming in 1236 after the clergy returned to the city and the interdict was lifted following mediation by the King and the Pope. Construction then continued more slowly. The area from the crossing eastwards was in use by 1241 but the nave was not roofed until 1299 (when the French King lifted the tax on lead used for that purpose). Work on the west facade took place in several phases, which is reflected in the very different styles of some of the sculptures. The upper parts of the facade were completed in the 14th century, but apparently following 13th century designs, giving Reims an unusual unity of style. Unusually the names of the cathedral's original architects are known. A labyrinth built into floor of the nave at the time of construction or shortly after (similar to examples at Chartres and Amiens) included the names of four master masons (Jean d'Orbais, Jean-Le-Loup, Gaucher de Reims and Bernard de Soissons) and the number of years they worked there, though art historians still disagree over who was responsible for which parts of the building.〔R. Branner: "The Labyrinth of Reims Cathedral" in ''Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'', Vol.21, 1962, pp.18–25〕 The labyrinth itself was destroyed in 1779 but its details and inscriptions are known from 18th century drawings. The clear association here between a labyrinth and master masons adds weight to the argument that such patterns were an allusion to the emerging status of the architect (through their association with the mythical artificer Daedalus, who built the Labyrinth of King Minos). The cathedral also contains further evidence of the rising status of the architect in the tomb of Hugues Libergier (d. 1268, architect of the now-destroyed Reims church of St-Nicaise). Not only is he given the honor of an engraved slab; he is shown holding a miniature model of his church (an honor formerly reserved for noble donors) and wearing the academic garb befitting an intellectual. The towers, 81 m tall (approx. 267 ft), were originally designed to rise 120 m (approximately 394 ft). The south tower holds just two great bells; one of them, named “Charlotte” by Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine in 1570, weighs more than 10,000 kg (about 11 tons). Following the death of the infant King John I, his uncle Philip would be hurriedly crowned at Reims, 9 January 1317.〔 William Chester Jordan, ''Unceasing Strife, Unending Fear: Jacques de Therines and the Freedom of the Church in the Age of the Last Capetians'', (Princeton University Press, 2005), 69.〕 During the Hundred Years' War the cathedral and city were under siege by the English from 1359 to 1360, but the siege failed.〔Michael Prestwich, ''Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience'', (Yale University Press, 1999), 301.〕 In 1380, Reims cathedral would be center of Charles VI's coronation〔Jonathan Sumption, ''The Hundred Years War: Divided Houses'', Vol. III, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009), 397.〕 and eight years later Charles would call a council at Reims in 1388 to take personal rule from the control of his uncles.〔Jonathan Sumption, ''The Hundred Years War: Divided Houses'', Vol. III, 665-666.〕 After Henry V, King of England, defeated Charles VI's army at Agincourt, Reims along with most of northern France fell to the English.〔Antonio Santosuosso, ''Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels'', (MJF Books, 2004), 245-246.〕 The English would hold Reims and the Cathedral until 1429 when it was liberated by Joan of Arc which allowed the Dauphin Charles to be crowned king on 17 July 1429.〔''A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East'', ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 333, 335.〕 Following the death of Francis I of France, Henry II was crowned King of France on 25 July 1547 in Reims cathedral.〔André Thevet, ''Portraits from the French Renaissance and the Wars of Religion'', transl. Edward Benson, ed. Roger Schlesinger, (Truman State University Press, 2010), 24-25.〕 In 1875 the French National Assembly voted £80,000 for repairs of the façade and balustrades. The façade is the finest portion of the building, and one of the great masterpieces of the Middle Ages. On the outbreak of the First World War, the cathedral was commissioned as a hospital, and troops and arms were removed from its immediate vicinity. German shellfire during the opening engagements on 20 September 1914 burned, damaged and destroyed important parts of the cathedral. Scaffolding around the north tower caught fire, spreading the blaze to all parts of the carpentry superstructure. The lead of the roofs melted and poured through the stone gargoyles, destroying in turn the bishop's palace. Images of the cathedral in ruins were shown during the war by the indignant French, accusing the Germans of the deliberate destruction of buildings rich in national and cultural heritage. Restoration work began in 1919, under the direction of Henri Deneux, a native of Reims and chief architect of the ''Monuments Historiques''; the cathedral was fully reopened in 1938, thanks in part to financial support from the Rockefellers, but work has been steadily going on since. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Reims Cathedral」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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